Since December 2023, seven short but intense eruptions have happened in the Svartsengi volcanic system on the Reykjanes Peninsula just north of Grindavík. Sadly, these are not harmless eruptions in an isolated valley like the ones at Fagradalsfjall in 2021, 2022 and 2023. On this page you can find the latest updates and an overview of the Sundhnúkagígar eruptions in 2024, with useful links for information direct from Iceland.

2024 Grindavík state of emergency and eruptions

Update December 2024: The seventh eruption at the Sundhnúkagígar crater row started on 20 November 2024 and finished on 8 December. The area around the Sundhnúkagígar eruption site remains closed. Volcanic unrest and land uplift continues in the Svartsengi area north of Grindavík. This could lead to yet another eruption or dike intrusion in the coming months. Veður (the Icelandic Met Office) gives frequent updates on the current situation.

The map below shows the Sundhnúkagígar lava fields from December 2023 to December 2024 and the current danger zone (updated on 9 December 2024).

Volcanic danger zone around Grindavík as per 9 December 2024. Source: Icelandic Met Office. For current road conditions and closures on Reykjanes Peninsula, see Umferdin.is.

The Sundhnúkagígar eruption near Grindavík on 16 March 2024. Photo: Almannavarnir.

Lava barriers to protect against future eruptions

Weeks of intense earthquake swarms and land uplift preceeded the first eruption. On 10 November 2023 a 15-kilometre long magma tunnel formed beneath the Grindavík area, and the entire town was evacuated. It remains uncertain if and when residents can return.

After the earthquakes and subsequent evacuation in November 2023, the Icelandic authorities didn’t waste time to build a lava barrier around the Svartsengi geothermal power plant and the Blue Lagoon. Another lava defense barrier has been cranked up around Grindavík. It withstood its baptism by fire on 14 January 2024 and proved to be very effective in diverting the lava flow from the main fissure, even though the barrier was only half-finished at the time.

Almost the entire town is now surrounded by the defense barriers, as well as lava flows from the last eruptions…

The reopening of Grindavík

Throughout 2024, more and reinforced lava defence walls have been added around Grindavík and the Svartsengi area. Work on the barriers was finally finished in October 2024. After thorough investigation and risk assessments, the Icelandic authorities have decided to reopen Grindavík for public access on 21 October 2024. The town will remain open unless another hazard- or emergency level occurs due to seismic activity or a volcanic eruption.

Sunset at the Svartsengi lava barriers near the Blue Lagoon.

The eruption at Sýlingarfell on 29 May 2024. Screenprint: MBL livestream.

Svartsengi-Sundhnúkagígar eruptions

Below is an overview of the Sundhnúkagígar eruptions on the Reykjanes Peninsula in 2023 and 2024. The volcanic activity concentrates around three large hills east of Grindavíkurvegur (Road 43) in the Svartsengi volcanic area. From south to north: Hagafell, Sýlingarfell and Stóra-Skógfell. Þorbjörn (Thorbjörn) is Grindavík’s signature mountain north of town and west of Road 43.

Days of activity include the first and the last day of the eruption. Initial lava flow is the maximum output during the first few hours. The interval is counted from the last day of the previous eruption to the first day of the new one.

Sundhnúkagígar eruption

🌋 18 December 2023: Eruption #1 kicked off at the Sundhnúkagígar craters, about 2,5 kilometres northeast of Grindavík. It cracked open a 4-kilometre long fissure between Sýlingarfell and Stóra-Skógfell, but the activity quickly reduced after the first day. Most of the lava flowed to the northeast, away from Grindavík.

Start: Monday 18 December 2023 at 22:17 hrs
End: Thursday 21 December 2023.
Days of activity: 4.
Fissure length: 4 km.
Initial lava flow: 200 m3/sec.
Lava field: 3,7 km2.
Lava volume: 11,6 million m3.
Interval: 38 days after the dike intrusion on 10 November 2023.

Hagafell eruption

🌋 14 January 2024: Eruption #2 was smaller, but way more destructive. It started near Hagafell and ripped right through one of the lava defence barriers north of Grindavík. The lava flow also cut off the main road into town (Road 43). Three houses were destroyed when a second small fissure erupted on the northern edge of Grindavík.

Start: Sunday 14 January 2024 at 07:57 hrs.
End: Tuesday 16 January 2024.
Days of activity: 3.
Fissure length: 1 km, plus an additional 150-metre fissure.
Initial lava flow: 100- 200 m3/sec.
Lava field: 0,7 km2.
Lava volume: 2,5 million m3.
Interval: 24 days.

Sýlingarfell eruptions

🌋 8 February 2024: Eruption #3 appeared again at the Sundhnúkagígar craters between Sýlingarfell and Stóra-Skógfell. Another lava flow went over Road 43, right at the turnoff to the Blue Lagoon. It also took out one of the hot water pipelines from the Svartsengi power plant – a rather inconvenient timing, as temperatures dropped below -10C. This eruption finished within 24 hours, making it the shortest eruption in Icelandic history.

Start: Thursday 8 February 2024 at 06:02 hrs.
End: Friday 9 February 2024.
Days of activity: 2 (but finishing within 24 hrs).
Fissure length: 3 km.
Initial lava flow: 600 m3/sec.
Lava field: 4 km2.
Lava volume: 12,8 million m3.
Interval: 23 days.

🌋 16 March 2024: Eruption #4 began at the same location. The lava flow connected the two separate lava fields and advanced to just 200 metres from Road 427 (Suðurstrandarvegur), the main road on the south coast of Reykjanes. This eruption lasted much longer than the previous three and kept going for nearly 8 weeks.

Start: Saturday 16 March 2024 at 20:23 hrs.
End: Thursday 9 May 2024.
Days of activity: 55.
Fissure length: 3 km.
Initial lava flow: 1100- 1200 m3/sec.
Lava field: 6,2 km2.
Lava volume: 34,7 million m3.
Interval: 36 days.

🌋 29 May 2024: Eruption #5 was more powerful than the ones before. It ripped open a complex series of fissures between Hagafell and Stóra-Skógfell. Huge volumes of lava rapidly flowed all the way south along the lava barriers, crashing into the base of Mount Þorbjörn and blocking two of the three roads to Grindavík. Only Suðurstrandarvegur hasn’t been overflowed. The eruption also triggered some phreatomagmatic explosions, when lava flowed into a crack in Hagafell and came in contact with ground water.

Start: Wednesday 29 May 2024 at 12:46 hrs.
End: Saturday 22 June 2024.
Days of activity: 25.
Fissure length: 3,4 km.
Initial lava flow: 1500- 2000 m3/sec.
Lava field: 9,3 km2.
Lava volume: 45 million m3.
Interval: 20 days.

Stóra-Skógfell eruptions

🌋 22 August 2024: Eruption #6 was the most northerly and the biggest one up to now. It started along the same 4-kilometre fissure as the December 2023 eruption. A second fissure opened up further north outside the lava field near Stóra-Skógfell and took over all the activity. Most of the lava flowed to the north as well, which is a relief for Grindavík. Meanwhile, Stóra-Skógfell has become an ‘óbrynnishólmi’, an isolated hill completely surrounded by lava flows.

Start: Thursday 22 August 2024 at 21:25 hrs.
End: Thursday 5 September 2024.
Days of activity: 15.
Fissure length: 7 km (😳!) – including the northern fissure that took over.
The fissure was not erupting all at the same time across its entire 7-kilometre length.
Initial lava flow: 2000- 2500 m3/sec.
Lava field: 15,8 km2.
Lava volume: 61 million m3.
Interval: 61 days.

🌋 20 November 2024: Eruption #7 took everyone by surprise, as it wasn’t expected until late December based on the inflation data. The fissure concentrated again around Stóra-Skógfell. Lava flowed further west than before and gushed over the new road and Blue Lagoon parking lot just outside the Svartsengi barriers. By now, the lava barriers have proven their worth many times over. But it will be a bit of a challenge to reach the Blue Lagoon in the near future…

Start: Wednesday 22 November 2024 at 23:14 hrs.
End: Sunday 8 December 2024.
Days of activity: 19.
Fissure length: 3 km.
Initial lava flow: 1300 m3/sec.
Lava field: 9,1 km2.
Lava volume: 47 million m3.
Interval: 78 days.

Phreatomagmatic explosions at Hagafell on 29 May 2024. Screenprint: MBL livestream.

Óbrynnishólmi – The unburnt hill

When an area in the landscape is surrounded by lava but remains unburnt itself, it is called an óbrynnishólmi, an isolated ‘hill island’ in a sea of lava. Fagradalsfjall also created some óbrynnishólmis in 2021. The first one to go was the ‘helicopter hill’ (now completely buried beneath the lava). Then followed Gónhóll, the spectacular viewing hill right in front of the crater. Not long after, the next hill behind Gónhóll was cut off when lava flows tumbled down into Nátthagi Valley (June 2021). Littli-Hrútur also made an óbrynnishólmi of the little elongated hill beneath Kistufell in 2023.

In other volcanic countries they have a name for this phenomenon too. It’s called kipuka in Hawaii and dagala in Italy (Sicily, Stromboli, Aeolian Islands).

Fagradalsfjall crater and the óbrynnishólmi of Gónhóll, June 2021.

Is Reykjanes safe to visit?

The volcanic and seismic unrest is concentrated around Grindavík. This area is currently restricted. The rest of Reykjanes Peninsula is still accessible and safe to visit. The Fagradalsfjall hiking tracks are usually open again after the first few days of a new eruption at Sundhnúkagígar, if the conditions at Fagradalsfjall are safe. Access to Grindavík itself has been reopened on 21 October 2024. The Icelandic Tourism Board website provides information and a brochure with safety guidelines for those planning to visit Grindavík.

Flights to Iceland are not affected by eruptions on Reykjanes, as these type of eruptions don’t produce ash clouds. The only exception would be if an eruption happens in the sea.

Kleifarvatn lake and the Krýsuvík geothermal area.

Useful links for updates on the Reykjanes eruptions

• Icelandic Met Office – Detailed information about the volcanic unrest, with regular hazard maps, inflation graphs, lava flow maps and explanation of earthquake activity.
• Visit Reykjanes – Regional page with news and information about the eruptions.
• Safe Travel – Updates from the Icelandic Search and Rescue team (ICE-SAR).
• Roads & Traffic – Information about road closures on the Reykjanes Peninsula.

Icelandic news sites in English

• RUV English – The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service.
• Iceland Monitor (MBL) – News site with Icelandic news in English.

Lava field map

This interactive map with aerial photographs shows the lava fields in the region. In the section ‘Jarðeldar í Grindavík’ you can see more details, such as the lava barriers and the eruption fissures. Note: the new lava field from August 2024 is not yet visible on this map.

This is the latest map from the Icelandic Met Office that shows the entire lava field:

Sundhnúkagígar lava field map as per 25 August 2024. Source: Icelandic Met Office.

Scientific information

If you’re a volcano geek like me, you can read in-depth information about the tectonic rifting event and eruptions on the Reykjanes Peninsula in these research articles.

• On the Move – 2023 Observations on Real Time Graben Formation, Grindavík.
• The Fagradalsfjall and Sundhnúkur Fires of 2021–2024 – A single magma reservoir under the Reykjanes Peninsula?

Other articles

• Quanta Magazine – Inside Scientists’ Life-Saving Prediction of the Iceland Eruption.
• Scientific American – Fighting, Fleeing and Living on Iceland’s Erupting Volcano.
• New York Times Science – Iceland Scoops Up Answers From the Deep (unlocked).
• Smithsonian Magazine – Iceland’s Recent Volcanic Eruptions Are Unleashing Deep Secrets.

Accessible background articles about the volcanic unrest and the impact on Grindavík.

YouTube

Geology professor Shawn Willsey has regular updates on his YouTube channel, with clear explanations about earthquakes, land uplift and other background information about the volcanic unrest on the Reykjanes Peninsula.

@ If you have any questions, let me know in the comment section below. Your questions, comments and suggestions are also helpful for other readers and travellers. Thank you for sharing.

Fascinating as all of this volcanic activity is, it’s heart-wrenching to see how it has affected Grindavík… I have many fond memories of that town and the surrounding area. Hopefully things will settle down for the people who live there, and Grindavík will become again the bustling community it was before.

The saddest roadsign in Iceland… Road 43 towards Grindavík.

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Last update: 17 December 2024